Il progesterone è un ormone sessuale femminile che viene secreto dalle ovaie, dal fegato, dalle ghiandole surrenali e – durante la gravidanza – anche dalla placenta; in misura minore ma anche gli uomini producono progesterone, secreto dai testicoli e dalle ghiandole surrenali.
L’organismo della donna comincia a produrre progesterone dopo l’arrivo del menarca e, insieme agli estrogeni, partecipa nello sviluppo dei caratteri sessuali secondari femminili.
Quando avviene l’ovulazione le ovaie cominciano a secernere il progesterone; questo ormone fa in modo che l’endometrio produca speciali proteine in grado di nutrire un eventuale ovulo fecondato, rendendo l’endometrio un ambiente perfetto per lo sviluppo dell’embrione.
Dalla decima settimana di gestazione sarà la placenta a produrre il progesterone e ad assicurarsi che questo ormone si mantenga al livello ottimale per garantire una gravidanza sicura.
Se, invece, l’ovulo non è stato fecondato l’eccesso di progesterone di cui il corpo non ha bisogno verrà espulso con la mestruazione.
Il progesterone ha una funzione importante anche nel periodo dell’allattamento perché aiuta a preparare le ghiandole mammarie aumentando la dimensione del seno in preparazione alla produzione di latte materno.
Altre funzioni importanti del progesterone sono:
- aumentare la produzione di sodio e cloro
- far rilassare l’utero
- aumentare le secrezioni del collo uterino
- mantenere la vascolarizzazione della mucosa uterina
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